Optical sensing is a research field and technological methodology focused on the detection, measurement, and analysis of physical, chemical, or biological properties or phenomena through the interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter. It investigates how changes in light characteristics, such as intensity, phase, polarization, or spectral distribution, can be quantitatively related to the attributes of the medium or target being interrogated. Significant for its non-invasive capabilities, high sensitivity, and versatility, optical sensing provides critical data in numerous scientific, industrial, and medical applications.